10 Facts About the Element Iodine (Atomic Number 53 or I)

Iodine is element 53 on the periodic table, with element symbol I. Iodine is an element you encounter in iodized salt and some dyes. A small amount of iodine is essential for nutrition, while too much is toxic. Here are facts about this interesting, colorful element. The Name Iodine comes from the Greek word iodes, which means violet. Iodine vapor is violet-colored. The element was discovered in 1811 by French chemist Bernard Courtois. Courtois discovered iodine by accident while he was making saltpeter for use in the Napoleonic Wars. Making saltpeter required sodium carbonate. To get sodium carbonate, Courtois burned seaweed, washed the ash with water, and added sulfuric acid to remove contaminants. Courtois discovered adding an excess of sulfuric acid produced a cloud of purple vapor. While Courtois believed the vapor was a previously unknown element, he couldnt afford to research it, so he offered samples of the gas to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes and Nicolas Clement. They characterized the new material and made Courtois discovery public. Isotopes Many isotopes of iodine are known. All of them are radioactive except for I-127, which is the only isotope found in nature. Because there is only one natural isotope of iodine, its atomic weight is precisely known, rather than an average of isotopes like most elements. Color and Other Properties Solid iodine is blue-black in color, with a metallic sheen. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, iodine sublimates into its violet gas, so the liquid form is not seen. The color of iodine follows a trend seen in the halogens: they appear progressively darker as you move down the group of the periodic table. This trend happens because the wavelengths of light absorbed by the elements increases due to the behavior of the electrons. Iodine is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in nonpolar solvents. Its melting point and boiling point are the highest of the halogens. The bond between atoms in the diatomic molecule is the weakest in the element group. Halogen Iodine is a halogen, which is a type of non-metal. It is located beneath fluorine, chlorine, and bromine on the periodic table, making it the heaviest stable element in the halogen group. Thyroid The thyroid gland uses iodine to make the hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine. Insufficient iodine leads to development of a goiter, which is a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is believed to be the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Excessive iodine symptoms are similar to those of iodine insufficiency. Iodine toxicity is more severe if a person has a selenium deficiency. Compounds Iodine occurs in compounds and as the diatomic molecule I2. Medical Purpose Iodine is used extensively in medicine. However, some people develop a chemical sensitivity to iodine. Sensitive individuals may develop a rash when swabbed with tincture of iodine. In rare cases, anaphylactic shock has resulted from medical exposure to iodine. Food Source Natural food sources of iodine are seafood, kelp and plants grown in iodine-rich soil. Potassium iodide often is added to table salt to produce iodized salt. Atomic Number The atomic number of iodine is 53, meaning all atoms of iodine possess 53 protons. Commercial Source Commercially, iodine is mined in Chile and extracted from iodine-rich brine, notably from the oilfields in the US and Japan. Prior to this, iodine was extracted from kelp. Iodine Element Fast Facts Element Name: IodineElement Symbol: IAtomic Number: 53Atomic Weight: 126.904Group: Group 17 (Halogens)Period: Period 5Appearance: Metallic blue-black solid; violet gasElectron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10  5s2  5p5Melting Point: 386.85  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(113.7  Ã‚ °C, ​236.66  Ã‚ °F)Boiling Point: 457.4  K ​(184.3  Ã‚ °C, ​363.7  Ã‚ °F) Sources Davy, Humphry (1 January 1814). Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 104: 74. doi:10.1098/rstl.1814.0007Emsley, John (2001). Natures Building Blocks (Hardcover, First ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 244–250. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Swain, Patricia A. (2005). Bernard Courtois (1777–1838) famed for discovering iodine (1811), and his life in Paris from 1798 (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 30 (2): 103.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

2 - 1200 Words

CHApter1 2.What key insights does the GEM study provide us about entrepreneurship? Of particular interest to GEM is early stage entrepreneurial activity, which consists of businesses that are just being started and businesses that have been in existence for less than three and one-half years. While the high rates of entrepreneurial start-up activities occur in low-income countries, where good jobs are not plentiful such as brazil, china, Argentina. Low rates occur in high-income countries, such as Germany, French, USA. also identifies whether its respondents are starting a new business to take advantage of an attractive opportunity or because of necessity to earn an income. High-income countries——attractive opportunity. Low-income†¦show more content†¦Why is a product/customer focus an important characteristic of successful entrepreneurs? While it’s important to think about management, marketing, finance, and the like, none of those functions makes any difference if a firm does not have good products with the capability to satisfy customers. 10. What is it about â€Å"tenacity† that makes it such an important characteristic for entrepreneurs? Because entrepreneurs are typically trying something new, the failure rate associated with their efforts is naturally high. 11. What are the five common myths of entrepreneurship? Myth 1: Entrepreneurs are born, not made. Myth 2: Entrepreneurs are gamblers Myth 3: Entrepreneurs are motivated primarily by money. Myth 4: Entrepreneurs should be young and energetic. Myth 5: Entrepreneurs love the spotlight. 12. What evidence do we have that debunks the myth that entrepreneurs are born, not made? The consensus of many hundreds of studies on the psychological and sociological makeup of entrepreneurs is that entrepreneurs are not genetically different from other people. These traits are developed over time and evolve from an individual’s social context. A moderate risk taker A networker Achievement motivated Alert to opportunities Creative Decisive Energetic A strong work ethic Lengthy attention span Optimistic disposition Persuasive Promoter Resource assembler/leverager Self-confident Self-starter Tenacious Tolerant of ambiguityShow MoreRelatedWorld War 2 : A Young Man By The Name Of Masaru Ibuka1244 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1946, When World War 2 was over; a young man by the name of Masaru Ibuka left the Japanese Navy and started his own business which was a radio repair shop. After one year of his business, his colleague Akio Morita founded the company Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo a.k.a. Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation. The company built the country’s first tape recorder known as the Type-G. 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Lightening up Essay Example For Students

Lightening up Essay If this is, as the local press likes to describe it, the make or break year for the new South Africa, then the same must be said of the nations theatre. The Market is in transition just as the country is in transition, says Barney Simon, artistic director for two decades of the Johannesburg venue that has emerged over time as South Africas primary exporter of challenging work. Whats true for the Market is true for playhouses throughout the country. For years, the battle lines were drawn, and theatre knew its function; now, apartheid is over, and with it has vanished protest theatre. In its place are the stories that need telling of a newly democratized countrythat is, if the storytellers exist to relate the tale. To a journalist visiting the country for the first time at the start of this year, whats unexpected about South African theatre is how familiar it all seems. The Johannesburg papers trumpet ads for established British hits like Shirley Valentine and The Woman in Black, as well as farces like The Earl and the Pussycat and Uproar in the House that one can envision without seeing them. Lest these comedies suggest that the theatre is shirking its responsibility to chronicle a nation in the midst of change, they in fact seem to be precisely what critics, as well as audiences, want. Guaranteed to banish the new South Africa blues, read the Johannesburg Stars synopsis of Uproar in the House, as if to make clear that in times of uncertainty, escapism is the solution of choice. Can it be any surprise, then, that the Johannesburg premiere of Six Degrees of Separation cut short its run last fall? In a city beleaguered daily by escalating violence, no one wanted to see a play whose starting point was the arrival of a black intruder into a white home. Try explaining that John Guares play in fact concerns emotional rebirth, and youre met with a blank stare. In context, one cant blame producer Pieter Toerien, the countrys leading commercial impresario, for moving away from Six Degrees to more genteel fare like Hugh Whitemores British The Best of Friends, as safe a parlor play as the theatre offers. (And cheaper to mount with its cast of three.) Next up for Toerien is Ray Cooneys new London hit, It Runs in the Family. South Africa may barely have heard of August Wilsonand never of Tony Kushnerbut the white theatregoing public is absolutely au fait with the work of Mr. Cooney. The cultural boycott, too, has taken a toll. This is an audience uneducated in the last decade or so about international theatre; their taste, in other words, merely reflects their exposure, or lack of it. Feasting on the unfamiliar These days, even the old faithfuls dont automatically sell. Athol Fugards Playland got the best reviews of any production in Johannesburg in 1992, but averaged only 75-percent attendance throughout its run. (In Cape Town the same production was coolly received, and closed several weeks early.) William Nicholsons Shadowlands, by contrast, played to near-capacity at the Market, featuring South African emigre Brian Murray (late of A Small Family Business on Broadway) on a rare return visit home. While John Kani in Playland at Londons Donmar Warehouse may represent an English theatregoing event, in South Africa, its simply more of the same for an audience keen to feast on worlds they dont know rather than reflections of the world they do. When Barney Simon tried to bridge the world of Chilean writer Ariel Dorfmans Death and the Maiden and that of South Africa by casting black actor Ramolan Makhene as the husband, audiences fell away even more sharply; that production played to 40 percent in the Markets 152-seat Theatre Upstairs. Poor reviews did not help. .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .postImageUrl , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:hover , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:visited , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:active { border:0!important; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:active , .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863 .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udea86b1ae1505729251484d769655863:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible Essay PaperThe situation, then, somewhat echoes that of a much smaller trouble spot, Northern Ireland, where plays by local writers Ron Hutchinson and Anne Devlin rarely make the impact they do in London (or Off Broadway). The relatively recent introduction in 1975 of television to South Africa has further diluted a once considerable theatregoing culture, at least among the white minority. And after apartheid and its attendant states of emergency were lifted, South African theatre no longer needed to serve a journalistic, informative function. People could get their news from TV and the newspapers; they didnt have to turn to Bopha!, Sophiatown or Asinamali to find out what was happening. What, then, could a theatregoer keen to avoid downmarket British farce take in on a recent visit? The remaining options comprised a varied lot, linkedif at allby a bizarre obsession with Elvis Presley, of all people. In Cape Town, theatrical activity has moved away from the once-enterprising Baxter (home during my trip to The Rocky Horror Show) and the historic Space (now closed) to the Dock Road Theatre, a thrust 204-seater in the American-style Waterfront complex, located by the harbor. My first Dock Road outing was The Return of Elvis Du Pisanie, a solo show written by, and starring, local phenomenon Paul Slabolepszy. Now 44, the Britain-born Slabolepszy was taken to South Africa at age three, and has since developed a following as one of the few serious rivals to Fugard. Cape Town to Motown While a later play of his in Johannesburg would support that assertion, Elvis du Pisanie made it seem risible at best. These musings of a gum-chewing Afrikanerthe Elvis of the title, so-called because he had won third prize in a Presley lookalike competitionwere maudlin, self-aggrandizing and offensive in turn. The standing ovation notwithstanding, several audience members gathered in disbelief in the lobby afterwards to ponder the reviews, clucking their disapproval in ways to suggest that an American visitor was not alone in his assessment. The second Dock Road offeringDavis Kramer and Tallep Petersens hit musical Fairyland, since transplanted to the Marketwas marginally better, but no less sociologically intriguing. A follow-up to District Six, the widely traveled musical about the 250-acre Cape Town homeland razed under the Group Areas Action in the mid-60s, Fairyland could be regarded as Cape Towns own indigenous Five Guys Named Moe. Whereas one might expect at least a flash of anger as the talented cast makes its way through a song cycle of jazz, rock andyesElvis, this show was completely without irony about its desire to take Cape Town to Motown. While the first act at least established a community of smoothies, floozies and hustlers, the second act degenerated into a would-be tourist board-promotion, complete with a plug for the cast album and a curtain-call exhortation to tell the whole world we love you. The people the show is about may figure among apartheids more grotesque victimsa community that was literally bulldozedbut no historical event is so iniquitous that the Platters cant put it right, or so the evening implies. The audience, which kept Fairyland running in Cape Town for an amazing two years, responded with another standing ovation. Illuminating the way for change Black theatre takes place mostly in Johannesburg, since that city has a much larger black African populace than the predominantly Cape-colored Cape Town. While Gibson Kente remains the doyen of township theatre, Mbongeni Ngema is its leading internationalist, and he was in rehearsal at Johannesburgs Civic Theater for his most ambitious project yet: an expensive (3 million rand, or about $1 million) boxing musical called Magic at 4 A.M. starring Leleti Khumalo from Sarafina. While the show doesnt open until April, an initial listen to the score bodes well, even if the lyricsthe dream can come true if we make it happeninevitably seem naive set against Ngemas scintillating hybrid of rhythm and blues, gospel and township mbaqanga music. The work of a second black writer/director Matsemola Manakais equally earnest, if a bit more dogged, at least if his shows Yamina (among the first black African plays about AIDS) and Ekhaya: Museum over Soweto (about a museum opening in Soweto) are apt in dications. .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .postImageUrl , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:hover , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:visited , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:active { border:0!important; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:active , .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205 .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u084978f694be9045716754bdebc73205:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sammy's actor EssayBoth Manaka and Ngema deserve added attention for the very sites of their newest shows. By opening Magic at 4 A.M. at the 1,100-seat Civic, Ngema and his producer ex-Market resident producer Mannie Manimare counting on a high level of black attendance in a traditionally white venue. (A Chorus Line, a Civic premiere last fall, did less-than-capacity business there, apparently because audiences were loath to see what they deemed to be a rehearsal.) Both Marakas shows were playing at different auditoria of South Africas four performing arts councils, onetime apartheid dinosaurs (according to detractors) attempting to adapt to the new climate. If the offstage scenario at the theatre sometimes reveals more than the one onstage, at least one new play Slabolepszys Mooi Street Moves, the authors 15th play offered hope in ways that went beyond the fully integrated Market Theater Upstairs audience. Set in Johannesburgs increasingly black Hillbrow section, the play brings together a black street hawker named Sipho (played by a dazzling young actor named Seputla Dan Sebogodi) and an itinerant white, Henry (Martin Le Maitre), in search of his brother. An initial encounter in Siphos apartment turns into a three-and-a-half week flatshare amounting, among other things, to a kind of Pygmalion in reverse, as Henry learns Siphos canny, streetwise ways. The evening ends cruelly, indeed tragically, and yet the authors abiding metaphor the sun allows for the possibility of redemption. While some in this transitional South Africa are fully preparing themselves for darkness, Slabolepszys wise and moving play makes clear that shared empathy and compassion may in fact illuminate the way for change. Listening to a shaken audience cheer the performance, one readily agreed. South Africas theatre, like the country around it, may by its own admission be groping in the dark, but Mooi Street Moves suggests that the end of the tunnel may as Nelson Mandela promised three years ago soon let in long-overdue light.

Kindred Spirits Essays - Collin, Bogle, , Term Papers

Kindred Spirits The Bogles Collin Bogle grew up in Northwestern Washington. As a kid he liked to spend his time outdoors, fishing, roller-blading, or riding his mountain bike. His father, Lee Bogle, was an art teacher in high school and even when Collin showed extraordinary artistic abilities it was still thought that he would be an accountant. Lee Bogle was absolutely amazed with Collin's ability. Today both Lee and Collin Bogle are professional artists. Both father and son live in Seattle and live 10 minutes apart. They both excel at realistic detail, if you saw their art, however, no one would guess their close connection. Lee Bogle, after painting wildlife subjects most of his life, has moved back to his first love- the human figure. He is best known for his Native American depictions in flowing backgrounds. Now he has shifted to ballet dancers. Unlike his father, Collin Bogle has moved toward wildlife. He takes adventures through the woods near his house with a camera looking for surprises. Drawing and painting were major passions for Lee Bogle, even in childhood. He pursued his art during evenings and weekends for twenty years while teaching during the day. He worked in stained glass, pottery, and even dipped into sculpture. His portrait work provided supplemental income for the family. As the demand for his prints increased, the tedious hand-coloring process consumed his time. So he hired Collin, his teenage son, as an apprentice. He assisted his father for several years, learning color and many techniques. Next, Lee experimented with oil pastel drawings against the free- form colors of the wash. He found the combination of abstract backgrounds and detailed drawings suited him. Eventually he moved to human figures as subjects. When Collin was still young he never imagined a career in art. Even after winning the ?most likely to succeed in art? award he still never imagined pursuing anything. It wasn't until one of his father's first publishers saw one of his paintings and asked him to do a print that he realized his capabilities. In order to get to his goal of being a professional artist Collin used to always ask his father to critique his paintings. Nowadays it's gotten to the point where Lee is sometimes asking his son for advice. Most of Collin's paintings start with extensive photography. He can sometimes spend up to twenty minutes photographing the same tree. He likes the peacefulness and freedom of being alone in the nature. Even though Collin may seem like a down to earth kind of guy, his techniques for composing his paintings are very modern. He usually starts by getting an idea for his next work on his computer. He will scan his photographs of animals and scenery into his computer and take it from there. He sometimes likes to change positions of objects, reverses images and adjusts sizes, colors and brightness. Usually to begin a painting Collin will airbrush the canvas a few tones darker than he wants the finished product to look. Then he works from dark to light using colored pencils and finishes with water based pastels. This technique has proven to make his works go by muck quicker. Collin's most well known skill is the ability to portray lighting in a very dramatic way. He considers this extremely vital to any composition. The advantage that Collin appreciates most is having an artist for a father. When Collin was nervous about some of his first shows Lee was always there for him to provide support and advice. At the age of twenty- five Collin has never held a full time job other than being an artist. Even though Collin has experienced a very early success he is still humble and aware of who helped get to where he is. Lee Bogle is very proud of his son not because he is a good artist but because he is a good person. Opinion I thought that this article was very touching. It's an exciting story about a good relationship between father and son. It's amazing how they both can stay very honest to each other and offer constructive criticism without getting caught up in the relationship as father and son. It makes for a good balance that can only have an outcome

Why We Should Use Japanese Internment Camps essays

Why We Should Use Japanese Internment Camps essays President Roosevelt, as your Foreign Policy Advisor I am highly against the internment of Japanese-Americans, but very flexible on my stance. We are taking away every liberty that the Japanese-Americans have. Yes I know what happened on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese planes bombed our American military installations in Hawaii, killing over a thousand men and woman; all but destroying the United States Pacific Fleet. Causing us the next day to officially enter the Great World War. The Japanese attack on our soil shocked the country, and many of us became suspicious of any and all persons of Japanese descent in America. With the media and the government also inflating this racial prejudice and discrimination isn't any help. Unfortunately you will sign Executive Order 9066 on Feb. 12, 1942. The Act will make it legal for the United States to extract Japanese-American families from their homes. How can U.S. citizens become prisoners in their own country, simply because of the ir cultural background, they did nothing wrong. They were not a part of Yamomoto's fleet. They had nothing to do with the bombing. Sir, the impact of this will be looked on as one of the worst decisions of your presidency if you indeed sign this order. How can we single out any culture to blame. We are doing exactly what the Nazi's of Germany are doing with the Jewish (creating a scapegoat). Sir, we are a better country than that of which locks up their fears. To take away the freedoms of our citizen, to stereotype in such a way would be despicable. What are we next going to do, throw all German-Americans in a "camp" too? How about the Italian-Americans, throw them in there as well? I should stop getting ahead of myself here. Maybe this is good. Maybe we should "protect our citizens from them". We have to do something like this. We need to do this now. Especially to appease our citizens. So why not do it to the group that has the least amoun...

Understanding the Dual Court System

Understanding the Dual Court System A â€Å"dual court system† is a judicial structure employing two independent court systems, one operating at the local level and the other at the national level. The United States and Australia have the world’s longest-running dual court systems. Under the United States’ system of power-sharing known as â€Å"federalism,† the nation’s dual court system is composed of two separately operating systems: the federal courts and the state courts. In each case, the court systems or judicial branches operate independently from the executive and legislative branches. Why the US Has a Dual Court System Rather than evolving or â€Å"growing into† one, the United States has always had a dual court system. Even before the Constitutional Convention convened in 1787, each of the original Thirteen Colonies had its own court system loosely based on English laws and judicial practices most familiar to colonial leaders. In striving to create the system of checks and balances through separation of powers that is now arguably considered their best idea, the framers of the U.S. Constitution sought to create a judicial branch that would have no more power than either the executive or legislative branches. To achieve this balance, the framers limited the jurisdiction or power of the federal courts, while maintaining the integrity of the state and local courts. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts A court system’s â€Å"jurisdiction† describes the types of cases it is constitutionally allowed to consider. In general, the federal courts’ jurisdiction includes cases dealing in some way with federal laws enacted by Congress and interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution. The federal courts also deal with cases whose outcomes may impact multiple states, involve interstate crime and major crimes like human trafficking, drug smuggling, or counterfeiting. Also, the â€Å"original jurisdiction† of the U.S. Supreme Court allows the Court to settle cases involving disputes between states, disputes between foreign countries or foreign citizens and U.S. states or citizens. While the federal judicial branch operates separately from the executive and legislative branches, it must often work with them when required by the Constitution. Congress passes federal laws which must be signed by the President of the United States. The federal courts determine the constitutionality of federal laws and resolve disputes over how federal laws are enforced. However, the federal courts depend on the executive branch agencies to enforce their decisions. Jurisdiction of the State Courts The state courts deal with cases not falling under the jurisdiction of the federal courts- for example, cases involving family law (divorce, child custody, etc.), contract law, probate disputes, lawsuits involving parties located in the same state, as well as almost all violations of state and local laws. As implemented in the United States, the dual federal/state court systems give the state and local courts leeway to â€Å"individualize† their procedures, legal interpretations, and decisions to best fit the needs of the communities they serve. For example, large cities may need to reduce murders and gang violence, while small rural towns may need to deal with theft, burglary, and minor drug violations. About 90% of all cases dealt with in the U.S. court system are heard in the state courts. Operational Structure of the Federal Court System The US Supreme Court As created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court stands as the highest court in the United States. The Constitution merely created the Supreme Court, while assigning the task of passing federal laws and creating a system of lower federal courts. Congress has responded over the years to create the current federal court system made up of 13 courts of appeals and 94 district level trial courts sitting below the Supreme Court. Federal Courts of Appeals The U.S. Courts of Appeals is made up of 13 appellate courts located within the 94 federal judicial districts. The appeals courts decide whether or not federal laws were correctly interpreted and applied by the district trial courts under them. Each appeals court has three presidentially-appointed judges, and no juries are used. Disputed decisions of the appeals courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Federal Bankruptcy Appellate Panels Operating in five of the 12 regional federal judicial circuits, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (BAPs) are 3-judge panels authorized to hear appeals to decisions of bankruptcy courts BAPs are currently located in the First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits. Federal District Trial Courts The 94 district trial courts making up the system of U.S. District Courts do what most people think courts do. They call juries that weigh evidence, testimony, and arguments, and apply legal principles to decide who is right and who is wrong. Each district trial court has one presidentially-appointed district judge. The district judge is assisted in preparing cases for trial by one or more magistrate judge, who may also conduct trials in misdemeanor cases. Each state and the District of Columbia have at least one federal district court, with a U.S. bankruptcy court operating under it. The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands each have a federal district court and a bankruptcy court. Purpose of the Bankruptcy Courts The federal bankruptcy courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases involving business, personal, and farm bankruptcy. The bankruptcy process allows individuals or business that cannot pay their debts to seek a court-supervised program to either liquidate their remaining assets or reorganize their operations as needed to pay off all or part of their debt. The state courts are not allowed to hear bankruptcy cases. Special Federal Courts The federal court system also has two special-purpose trial courts: The U.S. Court of International Trade deals with cases involving U.S. customs laws and international trade disputes. The U.S. Court of Federal Claims decides claims for monetary damages filed against the U.S. government. Military Courts Military courts are completely independently from state and federal courts and operate by their own rules of procedure and applicable laws as detailed in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Structure of the State Court System While more limited in scope the basic structure and function of the state court system closely resembling that of the federal court system. State Supreme Courts Each state has a State Supreme Court which reviews the decisions of the state trial and appeals courts for compliance with the state’s laws and constitution. Not all states call their highest court the â€Å"Supreme Court.† For example, New York calls its highest court the New York Court of Appeals. Decisions of the State Supreme Courts can be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court under the Supreme Court’s â€Å"original jurisdiction.† State Courts of Appeals Each state maintains a system of localized appeals courts that hear appeals from the decisions of the state trial courts. State Circuit Courts Each state also maintains geographically dispersed circuit courts that hear civil and criminal cases. Most state judicial circuits also have special courts that hear cases involving family and juvenile law. Municipal Courts Finally, most charted cities and towns in each state maintain municipal courts that hear cases involving violations of city ordinances, traffic violations, parking violations, and other misdemeanors. Some municipal courts also have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving things like unpaid utility bills and local taxes.

UEL Undergraduates Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

UEL Undergraduates Planning - Essay Example The society also benefits both directly and indirectly from these higher learning institutions. The direct benefits of the society come as a result of the existence of these institutions within the locality of the area surrounding the community. These benefits include community projects that can or may be fully funded by the institutions such as the construction of boreholes or water points, health faculties can also be accessed by the community members, the society also gains access to electricity by virtue of the existence of the higher learning institutions. Similarly, the community also benefits from access to good roads and telecommunication networks that are essential for transport and communication. The benefits to the society are very many hence outweigh the disadvantages. The indirect benefits that the society enjoys from the existence of these higher learning institutions are seen through many ways. Firstly, the institutions produce very productive and industrious individua ls with skills and knowledge that they will apply to stimulate economic growth in the society. This will also later provide employment opportunity to the society members and as a result, an improved standard of living is realized. Secondly, the literacy levels of the society are increased since the institution educates trains and equips the students with skills that are very important life. ... Â  The study was done on 40 students picked randomly within the school. The methods used to collect the data were mainly through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The methods were made to be interactive so as to get the information directly from the students. This was done so as to obtain accurate and efficient data from the study. The study would later help both the students and the university itself to improve their learning and the learning techniques respectively. This would be realized by analyzing the findings collected from the study and coming up with concrete solutions that would enable the students to learn effectively. Findings After taking a sample of forty students from various faculties in the institution by random sampling method, it was established that 40% of the students take 5 – 6 hours in their personal studies while 60% take under 5 hours on their personal studies. The majority of the students was found to allocate a few hours to their personal st udies due to the fact that during the daytime, they have to attend lectures that are in most cases spread across the day with break intervals to prepare for coming lectures or go for lunch. In the wee hours of the day, most students were established to concentrate more on their social welfare than creating more time for their personal studies. 40% of the sampled students who were found to spend more time in their personal studies were serious in pursuing successfully their faculties.

Can the preparation of non-christian parents for infant baptism be Essay

Can the preparation of non-christian parents for infant baptism be used as a tool of mission engagement - Essay Example as a possible tool for mission engagement, depending on how it is used and how the religious leaders can utilize its potential for spreading God’s word. This paper shall consider the question: can the preparation on non-Christian parents for infant baptism be used as a tool of mission engagement? It shall assess and evaluate this question from the point of view of a student placing himself in a position of a Methodist student minister on placement. An unchurched couple approached this student Methodist minister for the infant baptism of their child. The couple did not come to the church, but they approached the local Methodist minister for the baptism of their child. The task now is to determine how baptism can be used as a tool for mission engagement. The preparation of non-Christian parents for infant baptism can be used as a tool of mission engagement because the principles and the concepts behind baptism can be used to make the unchurched couple understand about Christianity and its teachings. As a Methodist minister, I can explain the process and the teachings behind baptism. In the process of explaining baptism – its teachings and purposes – it is possible to engage the couple into participating more in church activities and in living by the teachings of Christ. First and foremost, I can explain the basis of baptism to the couple. Infant baptism, based on several Christian sects proclaims that â€Å"both believers and their children are included in God’s covenant love. Children of believers are to be baptized without undue delay, but without undue haste† (Presbyterian, n.d). It is important for me, as a Methodist minister to express to the unchurched couple that Baptism is a sacrament which expres ses the truth about God’s infinite and unconditional love; and a sacrament which already embraces people even before they respond in faith. It is also vital for me to emphasize to the unchurched couple that as parents bring their babies to

Welfare Effects of a Tariff Essay Example for Free

Welfare Effects of a Tariff Essay Free trade necessarily works to the advantage of domestic consumers boosting their choice of goods and services, the quality as well as reduced prices while protectionism is considered by some to be disruptive and harmful to the efficiency of international trade besides harming consumer interests, but even so, trade has never been and may never be free. While free trade has various advantages; protectionism too has a few if not helpful, necessary benefits to a country, Feenstra Taylor (2007). These benefits are hardly set in stone and depend on manifold factors which are equally variable and thus determining the true effect of a tariff requires a case by case assessment of the effects. This essay will asses the common reasons for the use of tariffs and presents the general welfare implications of the tariff on both small countries as well as large countries. Background Tariffs are the most commonly applied ways of protectionism in trade so much so that the WTO was founded in part to create a frame work to allow countries to negotiate a reduction in tariffs in trade. A tariff refers to customs, tributes, tolls or duties, or a schedule of them, imposed by governments on merchandise imported or exported as it crosses international borders. As such every country has a separate system of tariffs as well as regulations and tariffs may take one or more of the following forms; revenue tariff, specific tariffs, protective, ad valorem tariffs as well as protective tariffs each, according to their nature or differing objectives, Pugel Peter Lindert ( 2000). Revenue tariffs are imposed by governments not to bar importation but raise revenues and are mostly imposed on goods or services with inelastic import demand. On the contrary, protective tariffs are imposed by governments to keep out imports and thusly they are set as high as can be possible to render their domestic prices uncompetitive while protective tariffs aim at reducing imports enabling local production to compete with imports. Other classifications of tariffs are based on the nature of taxes and their administration and these in clued ad valorem tariffs which are imposed as a proportion of the value of imports while specific tariffs are simply imposed on imported goods and services according to their amounts in volume, weight or number and not their values. Intuitively, the reasons for the imposition of tariffs vary from protection of infant industries in less developed countries so they can mature and compete favorably with others to other protection of jobs in developed countries, Kraus (2000). In protection of fledge ling industries commonly touted as import substitution practiced by developing countries, tariffs are imposed on goods or services with local production that the country wishes to encourage growth. This would effectively raise the domestic prices of imports thusly rendering domestic products competitive on price terms and shields them from being edged out of the market through predatory pricing which will foster maturity of those industries and facilitate the transformation of less developed economies from agricultural to industrial economies. Tariffs are as well imposed to protect domestic jobs by shielding domestic industries from foreign competition. Lack of regulations, cheap labor, deplorable working conditions and export subsidies in foreign countries would make their exports more competitive price wise and to the disadvantage of local industries who must cut costs by laying off staff. This is well evidenced with the Chinese exports to the United States and European Union and the attendant controversy. Consumer protection is often another motive for imposition of tariffs aimed at stopping goods and services that the government deems harmful to its population. In addition, countries impose tariffs on goods and services that are seen as crucial to the national security. In this, regard defense industries enjoy special treatment as they are deemed important for the interests of a nation; a good example of this includes the protection of aircraft manufacturing industries Boeing and Air Bus in the United States and Europe respectively, Yarbrough Yarbrough (1991). Tariffs have as well been used as political instruments from the days of Alexander Hamilton in protecting infant industries which used tariffs on the back of which a new nation to the 21st century America imposing tariffs on imports from politically incorrect countries. Tariffs may as well be imposed on a country’s goods if their trading partners consider them as employing unfair practices for instance export subsidies. Retaliation can as well be used to achieve a number of political ends by countries. Welfare effects of a Tariff Small Country The welfare analysis begins with the case with a small country, not geographically but one whose import policies have no considerable impact on the international terms of trade, Bowen et al (1998). The analysis is a partial equilibrium analysis considering the market for a single good or service, this assumes that the market is relatively small to have a considerable effect on other markets and thusly it is safe to ignore those interactions. In addition, the model assumes that the tariff is in fact the only one imposed or one of only a few and thusly would not be appropriate in the analysis of welfare impacts involving the implementation of numerous tariffs as would be the case in a trade round. Consider the diagram below. Fig A The diagram shows the respective demand as well as supply curves of an imported good inside a country. The world prices represented as PW are assumed to be below the domestic prices shown in the diagram as by the direction arrow. Under autarky the quantity demanded from domestic production of good X is equal to the quantity indicated by the direction arrow between Stm and Dtm. When an autarky opens up to international trade, the domestic prices tumble to Pw so that there is an excess demand of good X in the country represented by Dft of which on Sft would be supplied by domestic producers at the prevailing world prices and as per the demand and supply curves. The consumer surplus in the country is given by the area above the world supply curve Pw but below the domestic demand curve, Pugel Peter Lindert (2000). . When a specific tariff t is imposed on good X, the world prices Pw would not be affected since a country’s imports are relatively small to have any considerable effect on the world prices and demanded quantity, instead, a tariff would have the impact of raising domestic prices by the amount of the tariff to reach Pw+t. The rise in domestic prices would induce local producers to step up their production to Stm since below this level domestic production is more efficient than foreign production. Thusly the producer surplus would rise by the area shown in the diagram by A, thus this represents a gain by domestic producers due to increased prices and a rise in production resulting from the imposition.

Secrets in Conjugal Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

â€Å"Is it always a betrayal to talk about your husband with another man? What about girlfriends or astrologists?† (Dormen). In modern society, people’s feelings and desires are limited by rules of law and morality, especially when they relate to marriage and conjugal relationships. In The Storm, Kate Chopin raised a moral issue of adultery between characters of the short novel-Calixta and Alcee. She discussed the questions based on the metaphor of storm and the lack of passion in Calixta and Bobinot’s marriage. Similarly, in A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen scrutinized an issue of a marriage lacking love. He depicted relationships between Nora and Torvald and showed how imperious attitude and misunderstandings ruined conjugal relationships eventually. Both stories are connected by a common problem of secrets that arose from misunderstandings between the spouses. They solved the problem of misunderstanding in different ways, depending on cultural and personal distinctions of the characters. Therefore, the stories ended differently. Chopin concluded that the adulterous act made positive short-term changes in the marriage depicted in The Storm. In contrast, Ibsen ended his play A Doll’s House by stating that lack of understanding and communication led to the marriage collapse. In her short novel The Storm, Chopin explained how an extramarital affair between Calixta and Alcee became a factor benefiting the marriage. Chopin ended the story with the words, â€Å"So the storm passed, and everyone was happy† (123). The story is interesting not only because of the conclusion that infidelity had a beneficial short-term outcome to the family relationships, but also by intricacies that resulted in the happy end. In the middle of the novel, Chopin utiliz... ...pt unrevealed because of her naivety, passionate and pure love to the husband, did not contain any vicious deeds or intentions. However, upon revealing the secret, the true attitude of the couple to each other uncovered and Nora preferred to live alone to life with the husband who called her a criminal and decided to part with her for a formal mistake that saved him love. Works Cited Bartee, Johanna. The Storm: More Than Just a Story. Virginia Wesleyan College , n. d. Web. 09 May 2012. Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Freewebs Com, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012. Goldman, Emma. The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. Berkeley. Edu, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Ed. Jim Manis. The Pennsylvania State University, 2010. Web. 09 May 2012. Dormen, Lesley. Secrets and Lies: The Truth About Conjugal Discretion. Hearst Communications. 26 July 2010.

Analysis of Workplace Behaviour: Sociology

Many issues in the line of employment relations are contentious and most likely to provoke strong opinions and debate. Through the years, the concept of workplace behaviour has become increasingly important as the Australian workplace is constantly changing and evolving. However the issues of equal employment initiatives, still remains a common problem in the work environment. One of the most controversial issues occurring in today’s society is gender discrimination. Women are becoming very significant in the workplace, as more and more women are participating and part taking in to all types of work. Yet, regardless of these factors, women, especially working mothers, have no place in the workforce. In recent Australian papers, the topic of pregnancy discrimination has spiralled as Virgin Blue Airlines, an industry leader in supporting mothers, is involved in a discrimination case against two of their female employees (The Sydney Morning herald, 2011). The case involves the issue of discrimination and harassment, as both of the workers were being treated unfairly due to the fact they were pregnant. Gender discrimination can be related to Emile Durkheim’s idea that societies are built on ‘social facts’, he suggested that these ‘social facts’ are aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, and influence the way we think, feel and act (Clegg and Dunkerley, pp. 23). It is a human right, not a privilege, for a woman to work while she is pregnant. Our society is developed around a social structure that creates barriers for women that continues to disadvantage them in the workforce. In this situation, the needs of men are treated as the norm and women are ignored (Moyle, 2002). As such, men are seen as in a position of power, where women are limited by their choices yet we accept this framework as the logical truth. â€Å"More than half of the airline's workforce was female †¦We are one of the only companies in Australia with 50 per cent female representation in our executive team† (The Herald Sun, 2011). Even though there is an increasing amount of women participating in the workforce, they are not treated with the same benefits and respect as males. In 2001, the Human Rights Commission (2002) received 85% of complaints under the Sex Discrimination Act, 30 % of that were on the base of pregnancy discrimination. Increasing women part taking in the workforce has been considered by many, as an opportunity of women's liberation, as well as a sign of breaking down the barriers of inequality. However this mpression of liberation is limited. The assumption that women can have it all is slowing leaning to a yes but due to the current workplace and societal attitudes, women are limited to the opportunities offered unlike men. Women are restricted by the change in their workforce behaviour and the unsuccessful attempts to change the perspective of gender roles at home (Moyle, 2002). Equality cannot be reached while women are still limited, restricted and disadvantaged in the labour market just because they can bear children. In times of pregnancy, there are still various employers who believe that women are not efficient and do not work as productively, while pregnant. In a number of cases many pregnant women were either demoted or fired, and in some cases they were denied of training or further promotional opportunities (Moyle, 2002). For instance, â€Å"Both of the women positions were made redundant as they confirmed they were pregnant or returning from maternity leave, despite the fact that the model employer was advertising and recruiting for the same position† (The Sydney Morning herald, 2011). The perception of the functionalist theory connects to Durkheim’s ideas of ‘social facts’, it views society as a system of interrelated parts that works together in order to maintains stability and the survival of humanity (Krieken et al. 2006, pp. 3). The approach believes, gender differences contribute to preserving the social stability of society, that women and men should perform tasks that are expected for them (Giddens et al. 2009, p. 306). Because of this people are categorize into groups based on gender, race, education or class. The affects of taking on a particular status in society requires both positive and negative behaviours. Each group is accompanied by a number of norms which define how people are perceived and expected to act (Krieken et al. 2006, pp. 3). In organizational behaviour theory, perception is defined as the way in which people perceive, view, and understand others and the surroundings around them (Patil, S, 2008, pp. 3). Perception severely impacts on the attitudes employees have of others and themselves, as well as the decisions they make within an organization (Patil, S, 2008, pp. 3). An example of this is, according to The Sydney Morning herald (2011) an employee of Virgin Blue suggested that â€Å"All females should be on contracts so that when they get pregnant it is easy for the company to get rid of them. † This perception reinforces the message that women are not welcome in the workplace and they don’t belong, indicating that a woman only suitable place is at home. Women, who are able to have children, should view pregnancy as a privilege, being able to give birth, able to give life, rather than something they are penalised for and discriminated against. The greatest concern is the amount of women accepting this sort of discrimination. It has been reported that there is a trend over the past years of more women working and fewer women choosing to have a family or limiting the number of children they have, because of the conditions of the workforce (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1999 pp. 1). It appears that they allow this sort of inequality because they believe discrimination is a part of life, that pregnancy is a personal choice. This clearly indicates that the perception of society and social impact, highly affects the way women view the subject. We cannot ignore the fact that workplace discrimination and harassment in relation to pregnancy still remains a true concern for many women in our society. Regardless of status, industry, or level of education, or in the characteristics of age, race or religion, for many women they will always be placed at a disadvantage because of the social facts and perceptions of society (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1999, pp. 7). However, attitudes towards the ‘working women’ are gradually changing. The relationship between an employer and employee is one of mutual rights and obligation, as more and more employers are addressing and acknowledging the importance of the inequality issue, we step in to an economy of transition.

Nascar’s Racing Team Essay

How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? Trader Joe’s give its appreciation for its employees to increase job satisfaction and higher performance. They puts its money where its mouth is. The starting benefits at Trader Joe’s include medical, dental, and vision insurance, company paid retirement, paid vacation and a 10% employee discount. â€Å"Trader Joe’s compensate workers well. The core of this allegiance is a wage and benefits package that is typically far more competitive than that of most companies in the supermarket industry. Wages may attract high-quality employees, but wages are not necessarily the reason they remain loyal, as any human resources expert can attest. Employees stay because Trader Joe’s has created a culture of success: an environment in which everyone does the same job at one time or another and a place where people’s opinions are respected and talents are nurtured. â€Å"(Excerpted from Trader Joe’s Adventure, by Len Lewis) 1. How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? â€Å"Trader Joe’s has designed jobs to increase job satisfaction by showing appreciation in providing more benefits to their employees than other chain grocers. They provide starting benefits including medical, dental, and vision insurance, company-paid retirement, paid vacation, and a 10% employee discount, Pg. w-100. † Traders Joes also recruits people with certain personality traits that the company wants in their stores. They are able to enrich their employees with knowledge of their products that they are selling, as well as inducing customer involvements. As a result, they are able to have higher job performance because they are able to train and nurture their employees to have the same values and philosophy as the company, as well as granting supreme employee benefits. 2. In what ways does Trader Joe’s demonstrate the importance of each responsibility in the management process planning, organizing, leading, and controlling? There are several ways to demonstrate the importance of each responsibility. First, the buyers will travel all over the world to search the great foods and buying direct from the producer to lower the costs. Second, Trader Joe’s carry only 1500-2000 products so that the customer are easy to choose. Third, Trader Joe’s managers are hired only from within the company. The future leaders should be enroll in training programs such as Trader Joe’s university the foster in them the loyalty necessary to run stores. Fourth, when something happen, Trader Joe’s will quick to respond and post their action alerts on their web site. 2. In what ways does Trader Joe’s demonstrate the importance of each responsibility in the management process–planning, organizing, leading and controlling? For Trader Joe’s, they are able to demonstrate the importance of each responsibility in the management process by establishing a plan to serve quality products with natural ingredients, inspiring flavors, and buying direct from the producer whenever possible, pg. w-99. They also organize their stores to limit its stock, carrying about 1,500 to 2,000 products compared to retail mega-markets with 25,000 to 45,000 products. Through leading, Trader Joe’s support their future leaders by hiring managers only from within the company. Future leaders enroll in training programs called, Trader Joe’s University that foster in them the loyalty necessary to run stores according to both company and customer expectations, pg. w-100. Lastly, Trader Joe demonstrated the responsibility in controlling by placing standards to sell natural based ingredient products, as well as striving to offer the highest quality type foods. 3. Describe the methods that show Trader Joe’s knows the importance of human capital? Since Trader Joe’s makes such an effort to acquire qualified personnel they strive to retain their employees. Trader Joe’s is aware that retaining responsible, knowledgeable, and friendly employees will be significant to the customer service they provide. 4. Explain the value chain as it pertains to Trader Joe’s? In my opinion the value chain at Trader Joe’s begins with its employees and the methods utilized by Trader Joe’s to make them good at providing excellent customer service. â€Å"Employees are encourage to taste and learn about the product† this results in employees who are able to share their experience and expertise of the products they are selling to the consumer. Creating a helpful and customer service environment, which consumers appreciate. 5. 1. It has an extremely loyal following; it’s almost gone beyond being cult,† said Tod Marks, senior project editor for Consumer Reports. â€Å"Trader Joe’s is not conventional by any means, in terms of product mix. † With shelves stocked with unusual store brand items, like cookie butter, Thai lime and chili cashews and wasabi roasted seaweed snacks, Sue Forsyth, a 64-year-old from Brighton, said shopping at Trader Joe’s is â€Å"like an adventure. The food options are really unique,† said Brielle Berman, a 22-year-old Rochester resident. â€Å"I just picked up a bag of coconut chips. Where else are you going to find coconut chips? † Additionally, Marks, who conducted a survey last year of the leading 52 supermarket chains in the country, said Trader Joe’s is affordable and provides top-notch service. â€Å"They are very efficient operators and one of the best stores that offer the best prices,† he said. â€Å"They do a good job. Not many supermarkets are better. † 2. The magic is that Trader Joe’s focuses on Quality rather than Quantity. By carrying fewer items TJ tries to make sure that each of the product they do carry on their shelves is a Quality product and meets up to it’s standards. Also buy having fewer items it’s able to negotiate better prices from the suppliers and thus passes it on to the customer. On average I find TJ to be much cheaper than Whole Foods but the quality is the Benchmark for all to follow. One the things I love at the TJ is the bakery section, they have fresh bread baked in everyday from a local baker. This means the money goes back to the community, lesser transport costs, freshest bread for the customer and decent prices. Not to mention the bread is free from High fructose corn syrup!! 3. To remain competitive in the future, organizations will need to abandon their ideas of information hoarding and embrace knowledge sharing. Competitive success will be based less on how strategically physical and financial resources are allocated, and more on how strategically intellectual capital is managed — from capturing, coding and disseminating information, to acquiring new competencies through training and development, and to re-engineering business processes. The move from an industrially-based economy to a knowledge or information-based one demands a top-notch knowledge management system to secure a competitive edge and a capacity for learning. An organization’s ability to quickly tap into wisdom gives it a competitive edge in the marketplace. As a result, knowledge is displacing capital, natural resources, and labor as the basic economic resource.

Government spending and tax legislation signed by the president

Government spending and tax legislation signed by the president Introduction Fiscal policies can be described as policies that governments implement to stimulate their economies. Every government tries to spend within its revenue limit. In fact, rarely do governments spend beyond their income. However, United States has been spending more than its revenue since 1969.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Government spending and tax legislation signed by the president specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is mainly because it pays interest on the loans. This paper will explore its spending and tax legislation. It will also explore the country’s fiscal policy and evaluate whether this is expansionary or contractionary. Finally, it will explore how American population can influence decision makers on fiscal policy (CCH Group, 2011). Summary of government spending and tax legislation The United States government has experienced increased government spending annually, as they try to settle both their international and internal commitments. This has led to increased spending, which exceeds its annual income. Since 1969, Congress has continued to make appropriations, which are way beyond its income. This has forced treasury to borrow a huge debt, which earns interest. The current national debt is estimated at $14.7 Trillion. This is quite massive. In fact, the president signed a new legislation in August that raised its debt limit. At the same time, he constituted a bipartisan committee, whose aim is to reduce deficit (Heakal, 2009). United States fiscal policy United States fiscal policy came into play after the great depression of 1930s. This led the government into managing its economic policies. During this period, US economy expanded. However, wars such as World War II caused great deficits to economy and the huge spending continued after 1969. Current fiscal policy forces the government to spend more that it earns. This is mainly because of factors such as military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, among others. Other factors include tax cut, and September attacks, as well as the dot-com bubbles (The Library of Congress, 2011). Is US fiscal policy expansionary or contractionary? US fiscal policy can be considered as expansionary. This is mainly because most of its expenses go to defense. Otherwise, the market is expanding. In fact, its performance during peaceful years has been impressive (The Library of Congress, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How American consumers can influence decision makers on fiscal policies American consumers have continued to increase budget deficit. This is mainly because they opt for cheap products from China. This has forced most manufacturers to seek cheap labor in china and India, among others. The result is low income for the government and increased unemployment. In order to influence decis ion-making, consumers should buy American products to improve government income. This will influence change in fiscal policy as more revenue is received (The Library of Congress, 2011). Has it has changed over the past 5 years Consumers are continually cutting on their expenses. This is mainly because of high health insurance, recession and cheap products from China, which provide alternatives to American products. This boosted China’s economy while the US deficit increases (The Library of Congress, 2011). Conclusion Every government tries to spend within its limits. In fact, rarely do governments spend beyond their revenues. Since 1969, Congress has continued to make appropriations, which are way beyond its income. This has forced treasury to borrow a huge debt, which earns interest. Moreover, American consumers continue to increase budget deficit. This is mainly because they opt for cheap products from China. In order to influence decision-making, consumers should buy Ameri can products. This will improve government revenue (The White House Emblem, 2011). Reference List CCH Group. (2011). CCH Tax Briefing: Budget Control Act of 2011. tax.cchgroup.com. Web. Heakal, R. (2009). What Is Fiscal Policy? investopedia.com. Web. The Library of Congress. (2011). Bill Text Versions 112th Congress (2011-2012) S.365. thomas.loc.gov. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Government spending and tax legislation signed by the president specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The White House Emblem. (2011). White House. whitehouse.gov. Web.

How to Really Cut Government Spending

How to Really Cut Government Spending If the U.S. Congress is serious about cutting government spending, it must eliminate duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in federal programs. That was the message U.S. Comptroller General Gene L. Dodaro had for Congress when he told lawmakers that as long as it keeps on spending more money than it collects, the federal government’s long-term fiscal outlook will remain â€Å"unsustainable.† The Extent of the Problem As Dorado told Congress, the long-term problem has not changed. Every year, the government spends more money on programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment benefits than it takes in through taxes. According to the 2016 Financial Report of the U.S. Government, the federal deficit increased from $439 billion in fiscal year 2015 to $587 billion in fiscal 2016. Over the same period, a modest $18.0 billion increase in federal revenue was more than offset by a $166.5 billion increase in spending, mainly on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, and interest on debt held by the public. The public debt alone rose as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), from 74%at the end of fiscal 2015 to 77% at the end of fiscal 2016. By comparison, the public debt has averaged only 44% of the GDP since 1946. The 2016 Financial Report, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) all agree that unless policy changes are made, the debt-to-GDP ratio will surpass its historical high of 106% within 15 to 25 years. Some Near-Term Solutions While long-term problems require long-term solutions, there are some near-term things Congress and the executive branch agencies can do to improve the governments fiscal condition without eliminating or severely cutting major social benefits programs. For starters, suggested Dodaro, addressing improper and fraudulent benefits payments and the tax gap, as well as dealing with duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in those programs. On May 3, 2017, the GAO released its seventh annual report on fragmentation, overlap, and duplication among federal programs. In its ongoing investigations, the GAO looks for aspects of programs that could save taxpayer money by eliminating: Duplication: circumstances in which more than one federal agency, or more than one organization within an agency, is involved in the same broad area of national need and opportunities for more efficient service delivery exist;Overlap: when multiple agencies or programs have similar or identical goals, engage in similar activities or strategies to achieve them, or target similar beneficiaries; andFragmentation: circumstances in which more than one federal agency is involved in the same broad area of national need. As a result of the agencies’ efforts to fix the cases of duplication, overlap, and fragmentation identified in the GAO’s first six such reports issued from 2011 to 2016, the federal government has already saved an estimated $136 billion, according to Comptroller General Dodaro. In its 2017 report, the GAO identified 79 new cases of duplication, overlap, and fragmentation in 29 new areas across the government such as health, defense, homeland security, and foreign affairs.   By continuing to address, duplication, overlap, and fragmentation, and without entirely eliminating a single program, the GAO estimates the federal government could save â€Å"tens of billions.† Examples of Duplication, Overlap, and Fragmentation A few of the 79 new cases of wasteful program administration identified by the GAO its latest report on duplication, overlap, and fragmentation included: Sexual Violence Data: The Departments of Defense, Education, Health and Human Services (HHS), and Justice (DOJ) currently manage at least 10 different programs indented to collect data on sexual violence. The duplication and fragmentation results on wasted effort and a lack of understanding of the scope of the problem in the United States.Federal Grants Awards: The National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Food and Nutrition Service, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lack processes to ensure that their grants do not fund duplicate or overlapping programs already being funded by other agencies.Foreign-Assistance Data Quality: As a key step to addressing the potential overlap in the collection and reporting of foreign-assistance information, the Department of State, in consultation with the U.S. Agency for International Development and OMB, needs to improve data quality to ensure consistency in publically available information on how foreign aid is distributed and used. Military Commissaries: By better managing and coordinating purchasing for it commissaries across all military branches, the Department ofDefense could save an estimated $2 billion.Storage of Defense and Commercial Nuclear Waste: By better coordinating the agencies collecting data and analyzing options for the permanent storage of military high-level nuclear waste and commercial spent nuclear fuel, the Department of Energy could potentially save tens of billions of dollars. Between 2011 and 2016, the GAO recommended 645 actions in 249 areas for Congress or executive branch agencies to reduce, eliminate, or better manage fragmentation, overlap, or duplication; or increase revenue. By the end of 2016, Congress and executive branch agencies had addressed 329 (51%) of those actions resulting in about $136 billion in savings. According to Comptroller General Dodaro, by fully implementing the recommendations made in the GAO’s 2017 report, the government could save â€Å"tens of billions more dollars.†

Review of Sources Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Sources Paper - Essay Example Petroleum and geosystem engineering seek to find safer ways of extracting this valuable source of energy so as to ensure future global energy security. Petroleum geologists and engineers get to estimate and provide a description of the hydrocarbon reservoirs while also focusing on ways of exploration. This field of engineering focuses on providing an explanation on the physical behavior of water, gas, and oil within porous rock at extremely high pressure. Literature under this field explain how petroleum engineers and geologists combine their efforts to understand how petroleum reservoirs get developed and depleted. The article ‘Abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons: An historical overview’ by Glasby (84) provides an explanation as to how hydrocarbons get formed by using two theories; the Thomas Gold theory and the Russio-Ukrainain theory of petroleum formations. The Thomas Gold theory provides a strong scientific base on the formation of hydrocarbons as it does not make weak assumptions or an unscientific approach like the biogenic theory of petroleum. The Russio-Ukranian theory explains the formation of hydrocarbons from methane and how they present themselves onto the earth’s crust (Glasby 90). ... The article falls short on defining the origin of oil under the theoretical categorization of organic and inorganic nature. The article postulates the common belief that oil got formed as terrestrial vegetation that got washed and deposited into the sea where they became incorporated into the earth’s crust and mantle. Other theories have explained the formation of oil as a naturally occurring earth pigment or due to the presence of hydrocarbons in meteorites. This article appears similar to ‘Abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons: An historical overview’ as they both fail to expound on the chemical processes such as oxidation, methane reactions, and thermionic development of oil from long hydrocarbon compounds. In his book ‘Geomechanics applied to the petroleum industry’, Nauroy (62) discusses on how designing an efficient drilling program is a vital step towards the development of a gas and or oil field. The author looks at the geomechanics of rock behavio r and how it is essential in the exploitation of hydrocarbons (Nauroy 112). The author focuses on detailing how geomechanics gets applied to the petroleum industry. The book provides an insight into the methods applied by petroleum engineers in their drilling and production process of oil. The book compares to that of ‘Petroleum engineering’ which looks at the need for understanding the evolving geological aspect concerned with the earth planet. By understanding the geological aspects of the planet, it helps to provide a better basis for understanding the process of mining and drilling of oil. The author discusses the origin of petroleum engineering by providing a detailed background of the earth’s geological

Financial statement analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial statement analysis - Research Paper Example NCT&H has taken up some of the important projects on the hospitality industry, which are Hotel Le Bristol, Grand Millennium, Saadiyat Island and Nareel Island. The project of Hotel Le Bristol is the most stylish of its kind, based in Paris it was voted for as the best hotel of the year 2011. The Grand Millennium property of NCT&H was famous for its food and beverage outlet having grand ballroom which has the capacity of 1000 guests and is expected to open in the second quarter of 2012. Saadiyat Island is a joint venture of NCT&H and the UAE’s capital’s TDIC (Tourism Development and Investment). The plan is to set up a low rise hotel with 250 rooms on the shores of Saadiyat Beach district. Lastly, the project of Nareel Island is also a joint venture but with ALDAR Properties of PJSC developing premium gate and the residential property with features like health and fitness club, spa and restaurants. It will even provide Private Marina for the VIP’s along with hotel excursions. ... Introduction From the very inception of the economic environment it is going through massive changes. In comparison to the previous times economic environment has become more lenient and open towards the private participation of the economic activities related to trade and capital flow (Pailwar, n.d., p. xi). The study of the company’s annual report gives us the idea that NCT&H is mainly affected by the economic factor which are under constant fluctuation for the interest rate risk of the company which the company is avoiding by the entering into swap trading through the banks. But the company has faced the economic downturn like all other industries during the year of 2008-09. This was the time when the economy went into the sudden depression creating unrest for all the industries of the economy. The economic depression is the main reason behind the low spending capacity of the common mass which again was lower than the NCT&H business for a long period of time (Pailwar, 2009, pp. 1-10). Industry Environment and Industry Risks There are a few factors that are responsible for affecting the environment of the hospitality and tourism industry and are also the reason of its probable risks. The factors being the weather, political conditions, economic conditions and globalisation may be the reason for making or breaking the business of a hospitality and tourism industry. As far as weather is concerned is the hotel is situated in place where snow storming is prevalent the charges may get doubled as skiing can be enjoyed along with the stay. But when it comes to hotels in tropical countries as is NCT&H if the weather turns out to be windy the hotel might lose business as well. Even the natural disasters can affect the hotel

The Role of Budgeting in the Current Economic Climate Essay

The Role of Budgeting in the Current Economic Climate - Essay Example Problems with the traditional budgeting system Any budgeting system has three major roles, viz., â€Å"planning, motivation and evaluation† (Banovic, 2005, pp. 4-5). Hence there are chances of three types of conflicts to arise. For the effectiveness of a budget, the planners are supposed to assess the company’s functioning capabilities and therefore they make an optimistic budget. They are under pressure to create a plan that would merge the targets desired to be achieved with feasibility of achieving the desired performance. This leads to the setting of more attainable targets thereby under using the available resources to the fullest extent. It causes lack of motivation among the employees. Secondly, the level of motivation might conflict the evaluation standard in the company. For the evaluation of performance certain rigid standards are maintained. This may not take into the consideration of unforeseen or uncontrollable incidents. Thus, while on one hand the detaile d knowledge about the evaluation standard might make the employees take it for granted at work for the fulfillment of the desired level, on the other hand, the occurrence of some uncontrollable incidents would not be accounted for the system and reflect a faulty judgment of a lesser performance. Finally, a minor conflict might arise in lieu of the differences between the realistic assessment of the future prospects by the planning personnel and the need to get rid of the unfavorable environmental factors from the budget that goes for evaluation purposes. However this conflict is not a big one since adjustments can be made as required after the budget period ends (Banovic, 2005, pp. 4-5). Besides, the budgets are formulated on the basis of the functions of the different departments of an... This essay offers a comprehensive review of the current state of budgeting theory and its implementation in the process of central planning of corporate firms. Initially the concept of budgeting was designed for the senior executives in an organization to control the activities in the organization directly from the business head. It acts as a management tool by which the financial health of the company can be controlled. The benefits of budgeting include that of forecasting the future performance of an organization, addressing its developmental issues, promoting cohesion amongst the different departments and also predict any possibility of unforeseen expenses The facility of system traditional budgeting system has made the budgetary practices to remain unchanged throughout the decades. Yet, the managers and administrators noticed various dysfunctional behaviors associated with the system. A company might encounter several unpredictable events which require rapid responsive action. But the prevailing budgeting process does not provide such space for immediate action. The budget which is designed to handle long term complex problems, cannot serve the purpose of the managing small failures with preciseness. Several companies now feels the need for modification in the traditional budgeting system. Research is still on in this sphere and more can be added to the element of risk management in the model of Beyond Budgeting. The ultimate objective is to construct a management model which is â€Å"coherent, simple and integrated†

An Analysis Of Boys and Girls

An Analysis Of Boys and Girls According to R. W. Connell when sex role theory provided the main framework, there was a fairly straightforward account of how people acquired gender. Babies were, from the start, identified as either female or male and put in pink and blue baby clothes respectively. Blue babies were expected to behave differently from pink babies rougher and tougher, more demanding and vigorous. In time they were given toy guns, footballs and construction sets. The pink babies, by contrast, were expected to be more passive and compliant, also prettier. As they grew older they were dressed in frilly clothes, given dolls and make-up kits, told to take care of their appearance and be polite and agreeable (94). This type of gender practice can be seen in Alice Munros story Boys and Girls. This is a story about a young girls resistance to womanhood in a society infested with gender roles and stereotypes. Munro makes the point that gender stereotyping, relationships, and a loss of innocence play an impor tant, and often controversial role in the growing and passing into adulthood for many young children. This story takes place in the 1940s on a fox farm outside of Jubilee. During this time, women are viewed as second class citizens, but the narrator is not going to accept this position without a fight. Alice Munro creates an unnamed and therefore undignified, female protagonist and thus she proposes that the narrator is without identity or the prospect of power. Unlike the girl, the young brother Laird is named a name that means lord and implies that he, by virtue of his gender alone, is invested with identity and is to become a master. This stereotyping in names alone seems to represent that gender does play an extreme role in the initiation of young children into adults. R. W. Connell claims that the socialization model recognizes just one direction of learning towards the sex role norms. It is difficult, in such a framework, to understand the changes of direction that often appear in a young persons life, coming apparently from nowhere. Such changes can be seen in the story. Growing up, the young girl loves to help her father outside with the foxes, rather than to aid her mother with dreary and peculiarly depressing work in the kitchen. In this escape from her predestined responsibilities, the narrator looks upon her mothers assigned tasks to be endless, while she views the work of her father as ritualistically important. This view illustrates her happy childhood, filled with dreams and fantasy. Her contrast between the work of her father and the chores of her mother, symbolizes an arising struggle between what the narrator is expected to do and what she wants to do. Work done by her father is viewed as being real, while that done by her mother is considered boring. Conflicting views of what is fun and what is expected lead the narrator to her initiation into adulthood. The protagonist in the story begins to realize societys views of her when her father introduces her to a salesman, while she is working outside, as his new hired hand. She is almost pleased until the salesman replies I thought it was only a girl. Even her grandmother bombards her with commands, Girls keep their knees together when they sit down. And Girls dont slam doors like that. The worst is when she asks a question and her grandmother answers Thats none of a girls business. Even after that, she continues to slam doors and sit awkwardly because she feels that it keeps her free. In other words, she is not ready to accept and claim her gender identity a tendency that disturbs her mother and it is at this time, that the mother, good intentionally shackles her daughter to her correct place in the world to prepare her for stereotypes later on in life. However, after talking with her mother, the narrator realises that she has to become a girl; A girl was not, as I had supposed, simply what I was; it was what I had to become. Here, the narrator realises that there is no escape from the predetermined duties that go along with the passage of a child into being a girl and a girl into a woman. Boys and Girls by Alice Munro highlights and emphasises the theme of initiation. The story depicts initiation as a rite of passage according to gender stereotypes and a loss of innocence. Conformity plays a vital role in determining the outcome of the narrators passage into adulthood. Throughout the story, the narrator is confronted with conflicting thoughts and ideas regarding her initiation into adulthood. Ultimately, she wishes to work with her father, and stay a tomboy, but through a conflict with her mother and grandmother, she comes to realise that she is expected, like the women before her, to adopt the gender stereotype which comes with her growing and passing into adulthood. Similarly, her younger brother, Laird, is also initiated, but into manhood, something he yearns for. In conclusion, Munros story illustrates the struggles between the dreams and reality of the rite of passage and initiation, based on gender stereotypes society has placed on men and women.

Importance of Change in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Ray Bra

Importance of Change in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is change? Webster's Dictionary, defines change as to cause to become different; alter; transform; convert. Many things, people, and world events are able to change. Years of peace may be shattered by one act of terrorism. Technology changes how people interact and work in the world. People also change. Many do not see any wrongdoing internally, and remain the way they are. However, there might be outside factors that help them realize what is wrong with them or the lifestyle they choose to take part in. According to Preston Bradley, "I don't care how much a man may consider himself a failure, I believe in him, for he can change the thing that is wrong in his life any time he is ready and prepared to do it. Whenever he develops the desire, he can take away from his life the thing that is defeating it. The capacity for reformation and change lies within." Throughout Fahrenheit 451, Montag, a dedicated fireman and book burner, sees pleasure and titillation from burning books and destroying lifetimes of important ideas. When outside influences put confusion in him, he begins a series of changes, eventually becoming a revolutionary in a society where books are valued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many factors contribute to the changes found in Montag. One of the first influences during the story is the exquisitely observant Clarisse McClellan. She is different from all of the others in society who like to head for a Fun Park to bully people around," or "break windowpanes in the Car Wrecker." She likes to observe people, and she observes Montag, diagnosing him as a "strange...fireman." He is "not like the others" because when she talks, he looks at her, and when she said something about the moon, he looks at it. Clarisse tells Montag that he is different from the other people. He has something inside of him that makes him "put up with" her. Clarisse makes Montag look at himself for the first time when she asks him, "Are you happy?" Montag thinks that she is talking nonsense, but he realizes that he truly is not happy. Something is missing from his life. Looking at his lifestyle, he found that the "only thing that I [Montag] positively knew was gone was the books I'd [he'd] burned in ten or twelve years." Clarisse helped Montag to start to think for himself, instead of letting the society... ...he society outside values books, and by joining it, Montag shows that he is changed from rebel to the ultimate rebel, a soldier of an army that has a strong influential power because of it's attraction to books and their meanings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Fahrenheit 451, Montag, a dedicated fireman and book burner changes character and opinion through the help of influential characters and events, gradually transforming into an individualistic person of the society, a rebellious soldier in an army of readers. Montag first changes when he meets Clarisse, opening his eyes and being able to see his own faults and those of the society. He changes further when he questions himself and thinks about his lifestyle after learning how powerful the meaning in the books are when the woman insists on dying. Montag learns the importance of books in the society when he meets Faber, learning how the meaning in books can be applied to what is happening in society. Killing Beatty shows his change from being a passive reader and spy to an active revolutionary. Finally, Montag's changes are completed when he joins the organization that values books, therefore becoming a soldier of an influential army.